Biotin serves as the carrier for the carboxyl group in its reaction and is covalently linked to the biotin-carboxyl carrier protein (BCCP) domain in the α subunit C terminus. OAD utilizes the free energy derived from oxaloacetate decarboxylation to drive sodium transport across the cell membrane. It plays a critical role in the anaerobic citrate fermentation pathway ( Dimroth et al., 2001), and has been shown to be important for the pathogenicity of certain pathogens ( Hwang et al., 1992 Jain et al., 1996). It is found in many bacteria and archaea including the human pathogens Klebsiella aerogenes ( Dimroth, 1980), Klebsiella pneumonia ( Schwarz et al., 1988), Salmonella typhimurium ( Wifling and Dimroth, 1989) and Legionella pneumophila ( Jain et al., 1996). The oxaloacetate decarboxylase sodium pump (OAD) is the first identified sodium pump responsible for maintaining the sodium gradient in microorganisms ( Dimroth, 1980). The sodium gradient across the cell membrane is utilized in many microorganisms as an energy source to drive ATP synthesis, nutrient intake, cell motility and other processes ( Mulkidjanian et al., 2008).
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